苦乐参半:诱饵厌恶蟑螂在糖中颤抖
糖对德国蟑螂并不总是甜蜜的,尤其是避免蟑螂诱饵的糖。
在5月24日发布的一项研究中Science, North Carolina State University entomologists show the厌恶葡萄糖后面的神经机制简单的糖,是一个受欢迎的成分roach-bait poison. Glucose sets off bitter receptors in roach taste buds, causing roaches to avoid foods that bring on this taste-bud reaction. This aversion has a genetic basis and it eventually spreads to offspring, resulting in increasingly large groups of cockroaches that reject glucose and any baits made with it.
在正常的德国蟑螂中,糖味觉受体神经元的葡萄糖引发活性,这在暴露于葡萄糖和果糖 - 玉米糖浆的糖和果糖组分的糖时,这是一种常见的蟑螂诱饵成分。通常,蟑螂对这些糖有甜食。
“We don’t know if glucose actually tastes bitter to glucose-averse roaches, but we do know that glucose triggers the bitter receptor neurons that would be triggered by caffeine or other bitter compounds,” says Dr. Coby Schal, the Blanton J. Whitmire Distinguished Professor of Entomology at NC State and the corresponding author of the paper. “That causes the glucose-averse roach to close its mouth and run away from glucose in tests.”
在研究中,研究人员对罗氏舌头进行了测试,该配对的嘴阑尾称为Paraglossae。该试验显示出意想不到的电生理反应,即葡萄糖刺激糖和苦受体神经元,确认在呈现出来时显示蟑螂的行为试验迅速逃离葡萄糖。
But it’s not just a sugar aversion. Roaches exposed to fructose were happy to partake of its sweetness.
被迫味道葡萄糖的葡萄糖 - 厌恶蟑螂拒绝摄取糖,类似于吐出苦味食物的孩子。与此同时,正常的蟑螂很乐意吃葡萄糖。研究人员通过将葡萄糖与食物着色和观察分别被正常或葡萄糖 - 厌恶的蟑螂摄取或拒绝来学习这一点。
Study co-author Dr. Jules Silverman, the Charles G. Wright Distinguished Professor of Entomology at NC State, discovered glucose aversion and described its inheritance pattern more than 20 years ago. “It is extremely gratifying that we now understand the neural mechanism that underlies this unusual, yet adaptive, behavior,” he said.
然而,具有葡萄糖厌恶的蟑螂存在成本。在没有葡萄糖毒性混合物的情况下,葡萄糖 - 厌恶蟑螂比实验室环境中的正常蟑螂生长得比正常的蟑螂更慢。“现在我们想了解这个特质是如何完全持续的,食品供应可能有限,”Silverman说。“蟑螂必须适应各种和不可靠的食物供应,葡萄糖厌恶地施加了对获得充分营养的额外限制。”
Schal says that the pest-control arms race has mostly been about pests gaining resistance to the insecticides themselves. This paper, however, shows an arms race that includes behavioral resistance to certain types of food – in this case, glucose.
“大多数时候,遗传变化或突变导致功能丧失,”Schal说。在这种情况下,在引入葡萄糖时,突变导致新功能触发苦受体的增益。这使得蟑螂是一个令人难以置信的自适应的新行为。这些蟑螂刚刚在武器比赛中领先。“
NC州高级研究学者Ayako Wada-Katsumata表演了大部分实验,是本文的第一个作者。她现在正在调查蟑螂是否可以学习将葡萄糖与特定气味相关联,从而使用他们的记忆忽略含有葡萄糖的诱饵。该研究得到了国家科学基金会,美国住房和城市发展部的支持,以及在NC州的Blanton J. Whitmire捐赠。
- Kulikowski -
编辑的注释:纸上的摘要跟随。
“Changes in taste neurons support the emergence of an adaptive behavior in cockroaches”
作者: Ayako Wada-Katsumata, Jules Silverman and Coby Schal, North Carolina State University
发表:2013年5月24日,在Science
抽象的:为了应对有毒诱饵的人为袭击,德国蟑螂的种群迅速发展到葡萄糖的适应性行为厌恶(Baits的噬菌体组分)。我们假设外围肠系统系统的变化负责葡萄糖厌恶。在野生型和葡萄糖 - 厌恶(GA)蟑螂中,D-果糖和D-葡萄糖刺激糖味受体神经元(GRNS),而威慑咖啡因刺激苦味。相反,在GA蟑螂中,D-葡萄糖也刺激了苦根槽并抑制了糖-GRN的响应。因此,D-葡萄糖被加工为GA蟑螂的噬菌体肥胖和威慑物,并且这种新获得的外周浓度敏感性在多个GA群体中抑制葡萄糖厌恶。这种高度自适应行为的快速出现强调了感官系统的可塑性,以适应快速的环境变化。
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果糖怎么样?它是否会产生厌恶。哪种食品物质最大限度地吸引了德国roaches.pl.ans。