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摘要

我们对Dino DNA有什么了解?

Ever since finding that soft tissue can preserve in dinosaur fossils, paleontologist Mary Schweitzer has been asked the “Jurassic Park” question – will we ever be able to find original dinosaur DNA? And if so, could we someday recreate these awesome animals?

这些问题的答案可能会变得非常复杂,因此Schweitzer博士提供了帮助我们了解我们目前对恐龙DNA的了解以及可能的可能。

Can we get DNA from fossils?
问题应该是:“我们能得到吗恐龙脱氧核糖核酸?”骨由羟基磷灰石矿物质组成。该矿物质对DNA和许多蛋白质具有很强的亲和力,以至于在现代实验室中使用有时用于净化这些分子。由于这种恐龙骨已经在地面上占地6500万年,因此可能会发现DNA的可能性很高,因此可以找到,仅仅是因为某些生物分子(包括DNA),包括DNA,像矿物质一样粘在矿物质上。但是,挑战不一定在于找到DNA,而是强烈的理由是,DNA是通过排除其他来源来起源的恐龙。有一天我们有可能从恐龙骨中恢复正宗的DNA吗?科学的答案是“是”…..所有事情都是可能的,直到被证明为止。我们是否驳斥了这种可能性?否。我们是否恢复了“正宗”的恐龙DNA?不。因此,这是一个悬而未决的问题。

DNA可以在化石记录中持续多久,我们如何确定它是恐龙型,而不是现代实验室污染物或DNA从环境中浸出的?
科学家提出,DNA的保质期很短,大多数人说,只有一百万年的时间,最多只能持续一百万年,最多只能超过五到六百万年。这种可能性避免了我们将从恐龙中获得的可能性,该恐龙最后一次走到了6500万年前!但是他们如何获得这个数字?

一些人通过将已知长度和组成分子放入热酸中研究了DNA降解,并监测散落的时间。他们将热量和酸度用作时间的代理,并声明DNA崩溃了很快。一项研究旨在从逐渐较老的化石中恢复DNA,从几百年来到大约8,000年。他们发现可回收DNA的量随着年龄的增长而下降,他们用它来建模“衰减速率”。test,该DNA小至175个碱基对极不可能持续在白垩纪骨骼中。奇怪的是,这项研究表明,仅年龄就无法解释DNA丢失或保存。

On the other hand, we have used 4 different lines of evidence to suggest that a molecule chemically similar to DNA localizes to bone-forming cells in our bone, and is consistent with what we might expect to find, if it were dinosaurian. So, how do we tell if DNA recovered from bone is truly dinosaurian, and not contaminant?

DNA可以坚持这么长的想法充其量是一个远射,因此任何声称要找到/恢复恐龙DNA的人都必须满足最严格的标准。我们建议以下内容:

  1. 从骨骼中回收的DNA序列应与我们从其他数据中期望的相匹配。例如,有300多个字符将恐龙与鸟类联系起来,并强烈暗示鸟类的起源位于兽脚类(食肉)恐龙中。因此,从恐龙获得的DNA序列也应遵循该模式,与鸟类DNA更相似,而不是鳄鱼DNA,但显然与任何一个都有所不同,因此它们可以与现代来源有确切的区分。
  2. If DNA is original, it is likely to be highly fragmented, and difficult to analyze by our current methods, developed to sequence happy healthy DNA. If “T.rexDNA” comes in long pieces that are relatively easy to sequence, it is likely to be a contaminant.
  3. 提出了DNA是脆弱的,相对于其他molecules. So, if authentic DNA is present, other, more durable molecules should also be present. DNA sequence from dinosaur bone shouldalways伴随着包括序列的证据,表明其他分子的持续存在,这些分子在骨骼蛋白质中已知在骨骼中具有腐烂性。如果可以显示与禽和鳄鱼DNA序列相似的DNA,并且还可以显示出表明类似进化关系的胶原蛋白序列,则“真实”恐龙DNA的情况会上升。例如,也应该能够证明构成细胞膜的脂质的持久性。脂质总体上比蛋白质或DNA更具耐药性。
  4. 如果显示DNA和蛋白质持续存在,则除序列以外的其他方法还应支持此结论。例如,蛋白质与特定抗体的结合可用于表明蛋白质信号位于组织中,而不存在于周围的沉积物中。在我们的研究中,我们能够将一种与从此回收的骨细胞内化学相似的物质定位T.rex,使用与脊椎动物DNA相关的蛋白质抗体均使用抗体。
  5. 最后,也许最重要的是,对于任何测试的所有步骤,都应采用足够的控制。产生DNA的样品应与包围化石的沉积物共同提取,还应将实验室中使用的所有缓冲液和化学物质与化石骨完全相同的条件进行处理。如果这些也包含感兴趣的序列,那么它很可能是一种污染物。

So will we ever be able to clone a dinosaur?
In one sense, cloning as is usually done in the lab involves taking a known fragment of DNA, inserting it into a bacterial plasmid, and letting that fragment of DNA replicate over and over each time the cell divides. This results in many, many copies ofidenticalDNA from the insert–clones. In the second case, cloning involves taking the whole complement of DNA from cells within a tissue, and inserting it into viable cells from which the native nuclear material has been removed. This cell is then inserted into a host, and the donor DNA dictates the formation and development of the offspring, which are genetically identical to the donor—i.e., clones. Dolly the sheep is an example of this. When people refer to “cloning a dinosaur,” they usually mean something along these lines. However, this is an incredibly complex process, and despite the unscientific nature of it, the likelihood that we would ever be able to overcome all of the obstacles between fragments of DNA in a dinosaur bone and producing a living offspring is so incredibly small it would rank a “not possible” in my book.

但是,仅仅因为参观“真实”侏罗纪公园的可能性很小,这并不意味着不可能从古代遗体中回收原始的DNA或其他分子。实际上,这些古老的分子有很多要告诉我们的。

由于所有进化变化都必须首先发生在基因(以及它们编码的蛋白质)中,因此分子可以直接告知我们进化过程。您还可以比使用实验室代理(例如热量)更直接地了解天然发生条件下分子的耐用性,以估计分子降解的速率。最后,从包括恐龙在内的化石中恢复分子,得出有关进化新颖性的起源和分布,例如羽毛等重要信息。

We still have a lot to learn in the molecular analysis of fossils, and we should proceed with the utmost caution, never overstating the data we obtain. But there is so much we can learn from molecules preserved in fossils that we believe it is worth the effort.

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  1. if they want a bigger bird why not an ostrich egg. same characteristics as a chicken but with a stronger posture that may create a dino from changing its dna. also why not try a komodo dragon sense it is a reptile. if people are worried about non containment, remember just like animals here now we can hunt and kill the same way. i would say give it a chance and see what us humans can achieve if we fail well we fail.

  2. 从Dino Egghell中提取DNA,或者将来带有鸟DNA并向后向他们的恐龙表兄弟起来,可能会有更好的运气?

    But the danger of bring these families of reptiles back from the dead must be weighted when fate sent an asteroid down 65 millions years ago and wiped them out and gave us a chance to evolve to what we are today.

    1. 从实际的角度来看,实际的危险基本上是零危险。现实生活中绝对不像侏罗纪公园,因此,如果您正在权衡危险,那么规模将大大降低它

      1. I think we cant contain these giants in cages as they were evolved and adapted to a much harsher world. And keeping them in cages forever will animal cruelty and releasing them in the wild Is dangerous. We can not even control a mad bull elephant unexpectedly and these animals were much larger and ferocious. We don’t have the right to control nature if its not for our good. We would only create them for entertainment. And that Is wrong

  3. 尽管我不主张科学家应该这样做,但即使在目前的技术条件下,也可以通过改变鸟类细胞中的一些DNA序列来产生恐龙动物吗?毕竟,鸟类是恐龙,它们与灭绝的非阿奇恐龙的差异很小。